stores the sequence
🧫AP BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation Study Guide
Study DNA replication, transcription, translation, gene regulation, mutation, and biotechnology.
8 key ideas8 flashcards5 practice questions
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Follow the message from DNA to protein.
carries codons
folds and functions
Key ideas to know
Start with the relationships between ideas. Then close the notes and explain each one from memory.
- 01
DNA replication is semiconservative, so each new molecule contains one original strand.
- 02
Transcription makes RNA from a DNA template.
- 03
Translation uses ribosomes and transfer RNA to build a polypeptide.
- 04
Regulatory proteins and DNA sequences control when genes are expressed.
- 05
Mutations can alter gene products, expression, or have no detectable effect.
- 06
RNA processing can add a cap and tail and remove introns from a eukaryotic transcript.
- 07
The genetic code is redundant but not ambiguous.
- 08
Biotechnology tools can copy, separate, edit, and compare DNA.
PART OF THE AP BIOLOGY GUIDE
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Open the full AP Biology guide →Two ideas worth correcting now
NOT QUITE
→A gene always makes one fixed protein
USE THIS INSTEAD
Alternative RNA processing and later modifications can produce different products from the same gene.
NOT QUITE
→Every mutation changes the phenotype
USE THIS INSTEAD
A mutation may be silent, occur outside a relevant region, or have an effect that depends on the environment.
Flashcards
Answer before opening each card. The effort to retrieve is part of the learning.
1Which enzyme builds new DNA?Show answer ＋
DNA polymerase.
2Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell?Show answer ＋
In the nucleus.
3What is a codon?Show answer ＋
A three-nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA that specifies an amino acid or stop signal.
4What does the lac operon help bacteria do?Show answer ＋
Adjust expression of lactose-use genes according to available nutrients.
5What does PCR produce?Show answer ＋
Many copies of a selected DNA region.
6What does transfer RNA carry?Show answer ＋
A specific amino acid and an anticodon that pairs with a messenger RNA codon.
7What removes introns from pre-mRNA?Show answer ＋
The spliceosome.
8What does gel electrophoresis separate?Show answer ＋
DNA fragments mainly by size as they move through a gel.
Explain it in your own words
Use the answer as a check after you have written or spoken your response.
01Why is one DNA strand copied continuously and the other in fragments?
DNA polymerase can extend only in the 5-prime to 3-prime direction while the templates are antiparallel.
02How can cell types differ if they contain the same genome?
They express different sets of genes and produce different proteins.
03Why might a base substitution have no effect on a protein?
The altered codon may specify the same amino acid because the genetic code is redundant.
04How can an insertion alter many amino acids?
An insertion that is not a multiple of three shifts the reading frame for downstream codons.
05Why can transcriptional regulation conserve energy?
A cell avoids producing RNA and protein when the product is not needed.
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