ribosomes build the polypeptide
🔬AP BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function Study Guide
Study organelles, membrane transport, surface-area ratios, water potential, and cellular compartments.
8 key ideas8 flashcards5 practice questions
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Follow a secreted protein through the cell.
cargo moves to the Golgi
cargo is modified and sorted
a vesicle releases the protein
Key ideas to know
Start with the relationships between ideas. Then close the notes and explain each one from memory.
- 01
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.
- 02
Eukaryotic organelles separate cellular processes into distinct spaces.
- 03
The endomembrane system makes, modifies, and transports many proteins and lipids.
- 04
Phospholipid bilayers are selectively permeable.
- 05
Passive transport moves substances down an electrochemical gradient.
- 06
Active transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient.
- 07
Water moves from higher water potential toward lower water potential.
- 08
Smaller cells usually have a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.
PART OF THE AP BIOLOGY GUIDE
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Open the full AP Biology guide →Two ideas worth correcting now
NOT QUITE
→Osmosis is the movement of any solute
USE THIS INSTEAD
Osmosis refers to net water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.
NOT QUITE
→A cell membrane is a fixed wall
USE THIS INSTEAD
Lipids and many proteins move laterally, making the membrane fluid.
Flashcards
Answer before opening each card. The effort to retrieve is part of the learning.
1What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?Show answer ＋
It synthesizes and begins processing proteins bound for secretion or membranes.
2What does the Golgi apparatus do?Show answer ＋
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
3What is facilitated diffusion?Show answer ＋
Passive movement through a membrane protein down an electrochemical gradient.
4What powers active transport?Show answer ＋
Direct or indirect use of cellular energy, often ATP.
5Where does aerobic respiration produce most ATP?Show answer ＋
Across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
6What is tonicity?Show answer ＋
The effect of a solution on cell volume due to water movement.
7What is plasmolysis?Show answer ＋
Loss of water that causes a plant cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall.
8Why does cell size affect exchange rate?Show answer ＋
Volume grows faster than surface area as a cell gets larger.
Explain it in your own words
Use the answer as a check after you have written or spoken your response.
01Why does a plant cell become turgid in a hypotonic solution?
Water enters, and the cell wall resists further expansion, producing pressure.
02How do organelles permit specialized reactions?
They create separate spaces with distinct enzymes, substrates, and chemical conditions.
03Why can large cells face transport limits?
Their exchange surface becomes smaller relative to the volume that needs materials and waste removal.
04How can a membrane protein move an ion against its gradient?
The protein couples transport to ATP hydrolysis or to the downhill movement of another substance.
05Why does a phospholipid bilayer block many ions?
Its nonpolar interior is unfavorable for charged particles.
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