🧬AP BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
Unit 5: Heredity Study Guide
Review meiosis, Mendelian genetics, probability, inheritance patterns, and sources of genetic variation.
8 key ideas8 flashcards5 practice questions
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Track what separates, and when.
Key ideas to know
Start with the relationships between ideas. Then close the notes and explain each one from memory.
- 01
Meiosis produces haploid cells and creates variation through crossing over and independent assortment.
- 02
Segregation separates the two alleles for a gene into different gametes.
- 03
Independent assortment applies when genes behave independently during gamete formation.
- 04
A test cross can reveal the genotype behind a dominant phenotype.
- 05
Pedigrees use family patterns to infer likely modes of inheritance.
- 06
Nondisjunction can produce gametes with an abnormal chromosome number.
- 07
Recombination frequency can estimate the relative distance between linked genes.
- 08
Phenotype can reflect genotype, environment, and interactions between them.
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→Dominant means common or stronger
USE THIS INSTEAD
Dominance describes the phenotype of a heterozygote. It does not determine allele frequency or biological value.
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→Independent assortment applies to every gene pair
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Genes close together on one chromosome can be linked and inherited together more often than expected by independent assortment.
Flashcards
Answer before opening each card. The effort to retrieve is part of the learning.
1What separates during meiosis I?Show answer ＋
Homologous chromosome pairs.
2What separates during meiosis II?Show answer ＋
Sister chromatids.
3When is the product rule useful?Show answer ＋
When finding the probability that independent events occur together.
4What is incomplete dominance?Show answer ＋
The heterozygote has a phenotype between those of the two homozygotes.
5Why can linked genes violate independent assortment?Show answer ＋
Genes close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together.
6What is nondisjunction?Show answer ＋
Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly.
7What does a dihybrid cross track?Show answer ＋
Inheritance of two genes at the same time.
8What does a pedigree square represent?Show answer ＋
A male individual in the family record.
Explain it in your own words
Use the answer as a check after you have written or spoken your response.
01How does crossing over produce variation?
Homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding DNA segments, producing new allele combinations.
02Why does a recessive trait sometimes skip generations?
Heterozygous carriers can pass the allele without showing the recessive phenotype.
03How can recombination frequency estimate gene distance?
More frequent recombination generally indicates that two genes are farther apart on a chromosome.
04A heterozygous parent is crossed with a homozygous recessive parent. What can the offspring reveal?
The offspring ratios can reveal which allele combinations the heterozygous parent produced in its gametes.
05Why can observed ratios differ from predicted ratios in a small sample?
Chance has a larger effect when few offspring are counted.
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