movement and gradients
🧬HESI A2 STUDY GUIDE
HESI A2 Biology Study Guide
Study cells, membranes, energy use, DNA, cell division, genetics, tissues, and basic organism processes.
8 key ideas8 flashcards5 practice questions
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Trace matter, energy, and information through the cell.
usable energy transfer
stored information in use
Key ideas to know
Start with the relationships between ideas. Then close the notes and explain each one from memory.
- 01
Cell membranes regulate movement between intracellular and extracellular fluid.
- 02
Diffusion moves particles down a concentration gradient, while active transport requires energy input.
- 03
Enzymes speed reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed.
- 04
Cellular respiration transfers chemical energy from nutrients into ATP.
- 05
DNA stores hereditary information; RNA participates in expression of that information.
- 06
Mitosis produces two genetically similar daughter cells, while meiosis produces haploid cells with genetic variation.
- 07
Genotype names an allele combination, while phenotype names an observable trait.
- 08
Homeostasis uses sensors, control signals, and effectors to keep regulated conditions within a workable range.
PART OF THE HESI A2 GUIDE
See every set in this course and follow a focused review order.
Open the full HESI A2 guide →Two ideas worth correcting now
NOT QUITE
→Diffusion always needs cellular energy
USE THIS INSTEAD
Passive diffusion follows a gradient without direct ATP use.
NOT QUITE
→Mitosis and meiosis produce the same cells
USE THIS INSTEAD
They differ in chromosome number, genetic similarity, and purpose.
Flashcards
Answer before opening each card. The effort to retrieve is part of the learning.
1What does a cell membrane do?Show answer ＋
Regulates movement between the cell and its surroundings.
2What direction does diffusion follow?Show answer ＋
Down a concentration gradient.
3Does active transport require energy?Show answer ＋
Yes.
4What do enzymes alter?Show answer ＋
They lower activation energy for a reaction.
5What is ATP used for?Show answer ＋
Transfer of usable chemical energy in cells.
6What does mitosis produce?Show answer ＋
Two genetically similar daughter cells.
7What does meiosis produce?Show answer ＋
Haploid cells with genetic variation.
8What is phenotype?Show answer ＋
An observable trait.
Explain it in your own words
Use the answer as a check after you have written or spoken your response.
01Why does a cell placed in a hypotonic solution gain water?
Water moves across the membrane toward the side with more dissolved particles.
02How can high temperature reduce enzyme activity?
It can alter the enzyme's three-dimensional form and active site.
03Why is meiosis tied to variation?
Crossing over and independent assortment create different allele combinations.
04How do DNA and RNA differ in information flow?
DNA stores hereditary information; RNA copies or uses parts of that information during gene expression.
05What is a negative-feedback example?
A rise in blood glucose prompts responses that move glucose back toward its regulated range.
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